Researchers have developed an innovative method to predict dementia with over 80% accuracy up to nine years before diagnosis. Using functional MRI to analyze the brain’s default mode network, the research team was able to identify early signs of dementia by comparing brain connectivity patterns with genetic and health data from volunteers from the UK Biobank. This method not only improves early detection, but also helps understand the interplay between genetic factors, social isolation, and Alzheimer’s disease.
Researchers at Queen Mary University of Science have developed a way to accurately predict dementia years before diagnosis, by using fMRI scans to analyse the brain’s network connections.
Researchers at Queen Mary, University of London have developed a new technique that can predict dementia with more than 80% accuracy. Accuracy This method can be used to look back as far as nine years before diagnosis, and it has advantages over traditional methods such as memory tests and measuring brain shrinkage that are commonly used to diagnose dementia.
The research team led by Professor Charles Marshall used functional MRI (Functional MRI) scans to detect changes in the brain’s “default mode network” (DMN), which connects brain regions to carry out specific cognitive functions. Alzheimer’s disease disease.
The researchers used fMRI scans of more than 1,100 volunteers from UK Biobank, a large biomedical database and research resource with genetic and health information on 500,000 UK participants, to estimate effective connectivity between 10 brain regions that make up the default mode network.
Prediction Accuracy and Methodology
The researchers assigned each patient a probability value of dementia based on how closely their pattern of effective connectivity matched a pattern indicative of dementia or similar to controls.
The researchers compared these predictions with each patient’s medical data from the UK Biobank. They found that the model accurately predicted the onset of dementia up to nine years before a formal diagnosis was made, with over 80% accuracy. In cases where participants actually developed dementia, the model was also able to accurately predict how long it would take for a diagnosis to be made, to within two years.
The researchers also investigated whether the changes in the DMN were caused by known risk factors for dementia. Their analysis showed that genetic risk for Alzheimer’s disease was strongly associated with changes in DMN connectivity, supporting the idea that these changes are specific to Alzheimer’s disease. They also found that social isolation likely increases dementia risk by affecting DMN connectivity.
Potential impact of the study
Professor Charles Marshall, Honorary Consultant Neurologist, led the research team from the Centre for Preventive Neurology at the Wolfson Institute for Population Health, Queen Mary University. He said: “Predicting who will develop dementia in the future is essential to developing treatments that prevent the irreversible loss of brain cells that cause dementia symptoms. Although we are getting better at detecting proteins in the brain that can cause Alzheimer’s disease, many people live for decades without developing dementia symptoms, even if these proteins remain in their brain. We hope that the measurement of brain function that we have developed will enable us to more accurately determine whether and how quickly someone will actually develop dementia, and therefore identify whether future treatments would be beneficial.”
Lead author Samuel Ereira, Academic Foundations Program Physician at the Wolfson Institute for Population Health’s Centre for Preventive Neurology, said: “By using these analytical techniques on large datasets, we can not only identify people at high risk of dementia, but also learn about the environmental risk factors that pushed these people into the high-risk zone. Applying these methods to different brain networks and populations has great potential to better understand the interplay between environment, neurobiology and disease, not only in dementia but also in other neurodegenerative diseases. fMRI is a non-invasive medical imaging tool, and it only takes about six minutes for an MRI scanner to collect the necessary data, which means it can be integrated into existing diagnostic pathways, especially where MRI is already used.”
Hojat Azadbakht, CEO of AINOSTICS, an AI company partnering with world-class research teams to develop brain imaging approaches for early diagnosis of neurological diseases, said: “The developed approach has the potential to fill a huge clinical gap by providing a non-invasive biomarker of dementia. In the study published by the QMUL team, they were able to identify individuals who will later develop Alzheimer’s up to nine years before they receive a clinical diagnosis. It is at this pre-symptomatic stage that novel disease-modifying treatments are likely to provide the greatest benefit to patients.”
Reference: “Early Detection of Dementia Through Effective Connectivity of the Default Mode Network,” by Sam Ereira, Sheena Waters, Adeel Raj, and Charles R. Marshall, June 6, 2024, Nature Mental Health.
Publication date: 10.1038/s44220-024-00259-5
